Tuesday, July 08, 2014

A Nose for the End Zone: Indexing the Game's Most Efficient Scorers

NOTE: Article was published in fall 2013 (vol. 35, no. 5) edition of The Coffin Corner, the official magazine of the Professional Football Researchers Association. http://www.profootballresearchers.org/CC_2010s.htm


A Nose for the End Zone 

Indexing the Game’s Most Efficient Scorers

 




 









 
"Deacon" Dan Towler (33) scores a Rams touchdown as Marion Motley (76) of the Cleveland Browns attempts to tackle him in the NFL Championship Game at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on December 23, 1951. Associated Press image.


Michael Peters ---------------------

 
What started as an article about Warren Wells, the electrifying deep-threat receiver of the Oakland Raiders in the late 1960s, turned into a “fun-with-statistics” examination of Wells and other players who scored touchdowns at fantastic rates when compared to their overall ball-handling opportunities. Note that the number of touchdowns for many of the players discussed here is not at all mind-boggling, the percentage of their receptions, rushing attempts or overall touches that resulted in scores is the fascinating aspect. Obviously, a research project such as this requires some parameters and explanations just to get started. While rushing attempts and receptions need no clarifying, the same cannot be said for what is considered to be a touch. It has been established in recent years that a touch is considered any rushing attempt, reception, punt return, or kick return. For our purposes, touches are categorized as “offensive touches” (rushes plus receptions) and “return touches” (punt returns plus kickoff returns). Compiling a list of efficient touchdown scorers also requires a way to weed out what may be considered fluky numbers, statistical anomalies or tainted numbers due to small sample size.

Fluky may not be a fair way to word it since scoring even once, let alone several times, at the professional level requires skill that few possess. But listing Mike Vrabel as the most efficient touchdown producer ever is not what we are going for here. As most will remember, Vrabel was the linebacker from 1997 to 2010 who scored 10 career touchdowns on 10 receptions as an occasional tight end and goal-line specialist. Likewise, many other defensive players of the modern era had a few shining offensive moments in niche roles: Fearsome Foursome member Lamar Lundy, who was a star basketball player at Purdue as well, scored six touchdowns on only 35 receptions in his early career with the Rams; Nolan Cromwell, a wishbone quarterback at Kansas and an outstanding free safety for the Rams, scored three rushing touchdowns on seven attempts in his role as a specialist of the holder-attempted fake field goal. And, of course, Refrigerator Perry turned his eight career touches into three touchdowns as the Bears’ gimmicky goal-line back during the mid-1980s.

Not only are those with limited opportunities being weeded out, but many of the most effective short-yardage specialist running backs will not be listed unless they toted the ball a lot. Hank Bauer is one such short-yardage specialist who deserves to be mentioned even though his number of carries and touches is not quite high enough to qualify him for inclusion. Bauer, the current radio color commentator for the Chargers, was an undrafted special-teams ace and goal-line back for San Diego from 1977 to 1982. Overall, he scored 20 career touchdowns on only 145 total touches. His 22 carries in 1979 resulted in only 28 total yards and 1.3 yards per carry, but he scored eight touchdowns, and for his career, he scored a touchdown on 13.8 percent of his rushing attempts. Among non-quarterbacks with at least 100 carries, Bauer’s touchdown-to-rushing attempt percentage is bettered only by the 14.7 percent (16/109) produced by Jerry Shipkey, an All-Pro linebacker/ fullback for the Steelers from 1948 to 1952.

Because of the similarly skewed numbers that quarterback sneaks and scrambles for touchdowns may produce, quarterbacks have also been eliminated from consideration as we compare the touchdown-to-carry percentages. Like Bauer and Shipkey, though, a few who stood out deserve to be mentioned. Johnny Lujack scored on 15.8 percent of his rushing attempts; George Ratterman, primarily in the All-America Football Conference, on 13.2 percent; Don Trull on 11.4 percent with the Oilers of the late 1960s, Mark Malone on 11.3 percent with the Steelers and the quarterback who started more AFL games than any other, Jack Kemp (11.2%). Each tucked the ball and ran at least 100 times. In chasing the ultimate goal of measuring which players scored touchdowns at the highest rates, it is also important to rely only on legitimate statistics that are accepted and archived as part of the historical record of professional football. Unfortunately, the NFL did not officially record statistics until the 1932 season, so we are left wondering whether explosive touchdown scorers of the 1920s such as Ernie Nevers and Red Grange were as proficient at getting in to the end zone as those who came later.

The tables that follow can be broken down into four categories: touchdown-to-reception percentage (TD/REC %), touchdown-to-rushing-attempt percentage (TD/RUSH %), touchdown-to-offensive-touch percentage TD/OFF %) and touchdown-to-return-touch (TD/RET %) percentage. The first is almost exclusively applied to ends and receivers, while the second is obviously exclusive to running backs, and the third is reserved for any post-1932 player who had a minimum of 75 receptions and 250 rushing attempts. Because touchdown-to-carry percentages naturally favor the short-yardage specialist, the offensive touches category is an attempt to measure overall scoring prowess when combining rushing and receiving. The obvious flaw with that tabulation is that the rare hybrid player who was both a back and receiver at times during their career easily comes out on top. Overall touches were split into separate categories—offensive touches and return touches—only because the latter percentages are so much lower that they change the dynamic and hinder the ultimate goal of measuring touchdown efficiency. Recognizing this, I included the final tables, which measure only the specialization of scoring from returns. The minimum required numbers might seem a bit arbitrary, but they were chosen essentially to ensure that any player making the cut had a multi-season career as a regular, regardless of era.


TABLE 1. Touchdown-to-Reception Percentage, 75-299 receptions (1,243 total)

Player
Career
Rec. Touchdowns
Receptions
TD/Reception %
Daryl Turner
1984-87 SEA
36
101
35.6
Ken Kavanaugh
1940-41 CHI, 1945-50 CHI
50
162
30.9%
Don Currivan
1943 CHCAR, 1944 CHI/PIT, 1945-48 BOS, 1948-49 LA
24
78
30.8%
Frank Liebel
1942-47 NYG,
1948 CHCARD
23
84
27.4%
Warren Wells
1964 DET,
1967-70 OAK
42
158
26.6%
Cloyce Box
1949-50 DET, 1952-54 DET
32
129
24.8%
Bob Shaw
1945-46 CHI/LA,
1949 LA,
1950 CHCAR
20
81
24.7%
Alyn Beals
1946-51 SF
49
211
23.2%
Ken MacAfee
1954-58 NYG,
1959 WAS,
1959 PIT
18
79
22.8%
*Bill Hewitt
1932-36 CHI, 1937-39 PHI,
1943 PHI/PIT
23
103
22.3%
Jim Smith
1977-82 PIT,
1985 RAI
25
113
22.1%
Mal Kutner
1946-50 CHCAR
31
145
21.4%
Red Hickey
1941 PIT/RAM,
1945-48 RAMS
16
75
21.3%
Hugh Taylor
1947-54 WAS
58
272
21.3%
Bill Groman
1960-62 HOU,
1963 DEN,
1964-65 BUF
36
174
20.7%
Scooter McLean
1940-47 CHI
21
103
20.4%
Rob Gronkowski
2010-12 NE
38
187
20.3%
Billy Cannon
1960-63 HOU, 1964-69 OAK,
1970 KAN
47
236
19.9%
Gloster Richardson
1967-70 KC,
1971 DAL,
1972-74 CLE
18
92
19.6%
Jim Mandich
1970-77 MIA,
1978 PIT
23
121
19.0%

 
* (Asterisk denotes a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in tables 1-7.)

 
TABLE 2. Touchdown-to-Reception Percentage, 300+ receptions (355 total)


Player
Career
Rec. Touchdowns
Receptions
TD/Reception %
Gary Collins
1962-71 CLE
70
331
21.1%
*Don Hutson
1935-45 GB
99
488
20.3%
*Paul Warfield
1964-69 CLE,
1970-74 MIA,
1976-77 CLE
85
427
19.9%
*Bob Hayes
1965-74 DAL,
1975 SF
71
371
19.1%
Sonny Randle
1959-66 CHI/STL,
1967-68 SF,
1968 DAL
65
365
17.8%
*Tommy McDonald
1957-63 PHI,
1964 DAL,
1965-66 LAR,
1967 ATL,
1968 CLE
84
495
17.0%
Art Powell
1959 PHI,
1960-62 NYT/J,
1963-66 OAK,
1967 BUF,
1968 MIN
81
479
16.9%
Mike Quick
1982-90 PHI
61
363
16.8%
Jimmy Orr
1958-60 PIT,
1961-70 BAL
66
400
16.5%
*Pete Pihos
1947-55 PHI
61
373
16.4%
Wesley Walker
1977-89 NYJ
71
438
16.2%
*Dante Lavelli
1946-56 CLE
62
386
16.1%
Kyle Rote
1951-61 NYG
48
300
16.0%
Randy Moss
1998-04 MIN,
2005-06 OAK,
2007-10 NE,
2010 MIN,
2010 TEN,
2012 SF
156
982
15.9%
*Lance Alworth
1962-70 SD,
1971-72 DAL
85
542
15.7%
Gene A. Washington
1969-77 SF,
1979 DET
60
385
15.6%
*Elroy Hirsch
1946-48 CHR,
1949-57 LAR
60
387
15.5%
*Lynn Swann
1974-82 PIT
51
336
15.2%
Bobby Walston
1951-62 PHI
46
311
14.8%
Del Shofner
1957-60 LA,
1961-67 NYG
51
349
14.6%

 

TABLE 3. Touchdown-to-Rushing Attempt Percentage, 250-599 attempts (396 total)

 
Player
Career
Rush TD
Attempts
TD/Rush %
Ickey Woods
1988-91 CIN
27
332
8.1%
Hugh Gallarneau
1941-42 CHI,
1945-47 CHI
26
343
7.6%
Tony Paige
1984-86 NYJ,
1987-89 DET,
1990-92 MIA
20
272
7.4%
Zack Crockett
1995-98 IND,
1998 JAC,
1999-06 OAK,
2007 TB
36
510
7.1%
Mike Tolbert
2008-11 SD,
2012 CAR
27
395
6.8%
David Sims
1977-79 SEA
19
293
6.5%
Robb Riddick
1981 BUF,
1983-84 BUF,
1986-88 BUF
21
330
6.4%
Ki-Jana Carter
1996-99 CIN,
2001 WAS,
2003-04 NO
20
319
6.3%
Doug Dennison
1974-78 DAL
19
306
6.2%
*George McAfee
1940-41 CHI,
1945-50 CHI
21
341
6.2%
Edgar Jones
1945 CHI,
1946-49 CLE
18
297
6.1%
Spec Sanders (QB/RB)
1946-48 NYY,
1950 NYY
33
540
6.1%
Dick Hoerner
1947-51 LA,
1953 DTX
30
506
5.9%
Buford McGee
1984-86 SD,
1987-91 LARM,
1992 GB
17
289
5.9%
William Floyd
1994-97 SF,
1998-2000 CAR
20
355
5.6%
Timmy Newsome
1980-88 DAL
19
342
5.6%
Theotis Brown
1979-81 STL,
1981-83 SEA,
1983-84 KC
30
549
5.5%
Bill Osmanski
1939-43 CHI,
1946-47 CHI
20
368
5.4%
Elijah Pitts
1961-69 GB,
1970 LAR,
1970 NO,
1971 GB
28
514
5.4%
Ernie Steele
1942-48 PHI
14
258
5.4%

 

TABLE 4. Touchdown-to-Rushing Attempt Percentage, 600+ attempts (375 total)

 
Player
Career
Rush TD
Attempts
TD/Rush%
Dan Towler
1950-55 LAR
43
672
6.4%
T.J. Duckett
2002-05 ATL,
2006 WAS,
2007 DET,
2008 SEA
44
717
6.1%
*Lenny Moore
1956-67 BAL
63
1069
5.9%
*Paul Hornung
1957-62 GB,
1964-66 GB
50
893
5.6%
Larry Kinnebrew
1983-87 CIN,
1989-90 BUF
44
779
5.6%
Don Nottingham
1971-73 BAL,
1973-77 MIA
34
611
5.6%
Brandon Jacobs
2005-11 NYG,
2012 SF
56
1083
5.2%
Don McCauley
1971-81 BAL
40
770
5.2%
*Steve Van Buren
1944-51 PHI
69
1320
5.2%
Pete Johnson
1977-83 CIN,
1984 SD,
1984 MIA
76
1489
5.1%
Ted Fritsch
1942-50 GB
31
620
5.0%
Pete Banaszak
1966-78 OAK
47
964
4.9%
Priest Holmes
1997-2000 BAL,
2001-2005 KC,
2007 KC
86
1780
4.8%
Pug Manders
1939-45 BKN,
1946 NYY,
1947 BUF
35
742
4.7%
Shaun Alexander
2000-07 SEA,
2008 WAS
100
2187
4.6%
Marion Barber
2005-10 DAL
2011 CHI
53
1156
4.6%
LaDanian Tomlinson
2001-09 SD,
2010-11 NYJ
145
3174
4.6%
Chuck Muncie
1976-80 NO,
1980-84 SD
71
1561
4.5%
Mario Bates
1994-97 NO,
1998-99 ARI,
2000 DET
38
841
4.5%
Jim Brown
1957-65 CLE
106
2359
4.5%
Brad Baxter
1989-94 NYJ
35
779
4.5%
Joe Marconi
1956-61 LA,
1962-66 CHI
30
673
4.5%
Pat Harder
1946-50 CHCAR,
1951-53 DET
33
740
4.5%

 

TABLE 5. Touchdown-to-Offensive Touch Percentage, 250 rushes + 75 receptions (523 total)


Player
Career
Touchdowns
Offensive Touches
TD/Offensive Touch %
*Charley Taylor
1964-75 WAS.
1977 WAS
90
1,091
8.2%
*Bobby Mitchell
1958-61 CLE,
1962-68 WAS
83
1,034
8.0%
*Lenny Moore
1956-67 BAL
111
1,432
7.8%
Billy Cannon
1960-63 HOU,
1964-69 OAK,
1970 KAN
64
838
7.6%
*George McAfee
1940-41 CHI,
1945-50 CHI
32
426
7.5%
Ray Mathews
1951-59 PIT,
1960 DAL
39
533
7.3%
*Doak Walker
 1950-55 DET
33
461
7.2%
Billy Stone
1949-50 BAL,
1951-54 CHI
31
439
7.1%
Buford McGee
1984-86 SD,
1987-91 LA,
1992 GB
30
444
6.8%
*Frank Gifford
1952-60 NYG,
1962-64 NYG
77
1,207
6.4%
Dick Todd
1939-42 WAS,
1945-48 WAS
31
487
6.4%
Dan Reeves
1965-72 DAL
42
664
6.3%
Zack Crockett
1995-98 IND,
1998 JAC,
1999-06 OAK,
2007 TB
38
606
6.3%
Mike Tolbert
2008-11 SD,
2012 CAR
33
531
6.2%
Tony Paige
1984-86 NYJ,
1987-89 DET,
1990-92 MIA
29
469
6.2%
Joe Morrison
1959-72 NYG
65
1,072
6.1%
*Paul Hornung
1957-62 GB,
1964-66 GB
62
1,023
6.1%
Dick Hoerner
1947-51 LA,
1953 DTX
34
586
5.8%
Robb Riddick
1981 BUF,
1983-84 BUF,
1986-88 BUF
26
450
5.8%
Dub Jones
1946 MIA,
1946-47 BKN,
1948-55 CLE
41
711
5.8%

 

TABLE 6. Touchdown-to-Return Touch Percentage, 65-139 returns or minimum 3 TD (439 total)


Player
Career
Return TD
Returns
TD/Return %
*Gale Sayers
1965-71 CHI
8
118
6.8%
Goldie Sellers
1966-67 DEN,
1968-69 KC
3
46
6.5%
Jacoby Ford
2010-12 OAK
4
64
6.3%
Travis Williams
1967-70 GB,
1971 LA
7
115
6.1%
Bert Zagers
1955 WAS.
1957-58 WAS
3
54
5.6%
Raymond Clayborn
1977-89 NE,
1990-91 CLE
3
57
5.3%
Dick Todd
1939-42 WAS,
1945-48 WAS
3
64* (questionable)
4.7%
Scooter McLean
1940-47 CHI
3
65* (questionable)
4.6%
*Steve Van Buren
1944-51 PHI
5
110
4.5%
Percy Harvin
2009-12 MIN
5
114
4.4%
Patrick Peterson
2011-12 ARI
4
95
4.2%
Reggie Bush
2006-10 NO,
2011-12 MIA
4
99
4.0%
Terry Kirby
1993-95 MIA,
1996-98 SF,
1999 CLE,
2000-02 OAK
4
102
3.9%
Darrick Vaughn
2000-01 ATL,
2003 HOU
4
103
3.9%
Jon Vaughn
1991-92 NE,
1993-94 SEA,
1994 KC
4
103
3.9%
Derrick Witherspoon
1995-97 PHI
3
80
3.8%
Lenny Lyles
1958 BAL.
1959-60 SF,
1961-69 BAL
3
81
3.7%
Brad Smith
2006-10 NYJ,
2011-12 BUF
4
109
3.7%
Jerome Mathis
2005-07 HOU
3
84
3.6%
Billy Hillenbrand
1946 CHR,
1947-48 BAL
3
86
3.5%
Spec Sanders
1946-48 NYY,
1950 NYY
3
86
3.5%

† Punt and kick return statistics were not formally kept until 1941, so the two players included in this category whose careers began earlier than that season have been noted. Their combined return total is questionable, while their touchdowns are not.


TABLE 7. Touchdown-to-Return Touch Percentage, 140+ Returns (237 total)

 
Player
Career
Return TD
Returns
TD/KR %
*Jack Christiansen
1951-58 DET
8
144
5.6%
*Bobby Mitchell
1958-61 CLE,
1962-68 WAS
8
171
4.7%
*Ollie Matson
1952 CHCAR.
1954-58 CHCAR,
1959-62 LA,
1963 DET,
1964-66 PHI
9
208
4.3%
Devin Hester
2006-12 CHI
17
416
4.1%
Joey Galloway
1995-99 SEA,
2000-03 DAL,
2004-08 TB,
2009 NE,
2010 WAS
5
145
3.4%
Michael Spurlock
2006 ARI,
2007 TB,
2009 SF,
2009-11 TB,
2012 SD,
2012 JAC
5
147
3.4%
Justin Miller
2005-08 NYJ,
2008-09 OAK.
2009 NYJ.
1012 DET
5
158
3.2%
Buddy Young
1947-51 NYY,
1952 DAL,
1953-55 BAL
6
192
3.1%
Tony Horne
1998-2000 STL
4
150
2.7%
LeRoy Irvin
1980-89 LARM.
1990 DET
4
151
2.6%
Henry Ellard
1983-93 LARM,
1994-98 WAS.
1998 NE
4
154
2.6%
Lemar Parrish
1970-77 CIN,
1978-81 WAS,
1982 BUF
5
192
2.6%
Adam Jones
2005-06 TEN.
2008 DAL.
2010-12 CIN
5
195
2.6%
*Deion Sanders
1989-93 ATL,
1994 SF,
1995-99 DAL.
2000 WAS,
1004-05 BAL
9
367
2.5%
Terrence McGee
2003-12 BUF
5
207
2.4%
Timmy Brown
1959 GB,
1960-67 PHI,
1968 BAL
6
255
2.4%
Rick Upchurch
1975-83 DEN
8
343
2.3%
Freddie Solomon
1975-77 MIA,
1978-85 SF
5
209
2.2%
Abe Woodson
1958-64 SF,
1965-66 STL
7
316
2.2%
Jacoby Jones
2007-11 HOU,
2012 BAL
7
318
2.2%
Steve Smith
2001-12 CAR
6
276
2.2%
Dick Christy
1958 PIT,
1960 BOS,
1961-63 NYJ
4
184
2.2%

 Warren Wells’s amazing 42 touchdown receptions on 156 catches over a four-year period (1967–1970) turns out to be just as amazing as I had originally thought. The similarity between Wells and Daryl Turner is striking. Both had an unmatched ability to turn catches into long touchdowns, and both essentially played only four years before alcohol or drug issues ended their careers. As with a few of the leaders atop the touchdown-to-carry category, specifically Ickey Woods and Ki-Jana Carter, it’s fair to argue that their percentage is inflated because of short careers or limited carries, but it’s also fair to argue that stellar careers and many more touchdowns might have been ahead. Unlike Wells and Turner, the respective careers of Woods and Carter ended prematurely because of injuries. Simple probability and statistics explain why touchdown-to-carry percentages better than 6.0 come mostly from a bunch of modern-era goal-line backs, a couple of injury-shortened careers and a few backs who were part of what is now referred to as a committee backfield. The one number that really jumps out is “Deacon” Dan Towler’s astonishing 6.4 percent. Towler is the only one of that group who was regularly among the league leaders in rushing attempts.

While it’s true that the handful of hybrid-position players or those who switched positions—such as Charley Taylor, Bobby Mitchell, Billy Cannon and Ray Matthews—have a distinct advantage of producing a higher touchdown-to-offensive touch percentage, their numbers shouldn’t be dismissed as only a product of that. In many of their cases, their yardage and scoring production as running backs was Pro Bowl-caliber before the switch to wide receiver or tight end. As Jim Brown’s backfield mate from 1958 to 1961, Mitchell produced almost 3,000 rushing yards and 16 touchdowns while averaging a lofty 5.4 yards per carry. Likewise, Taylor was sixth in rushing yards as a rookie in 1964, and Cannon won the AFL rushing title in his second season. Obviously, though, the list here is heavy with players who spent time in the backfield as well as receiver, a handful of short-yardage specialist backs who also caught some passes, and a few (like Doak Walker, Scooter McLean, and Dan Reeves) who simply excelled at catching passes. Considering that George McAfee scored a few times as a defender and nearly cracked the top 20 in touchdown-to-return percentage as well (4/130), it’s hard to argue against him as the most efficient touchdown scorer ever. That is, if one wasn’t already convinced by his brilliant 1941 season, in which he became the only player to score six different ways in a single season. In that season, McAfee scored eight touchdowns on only 72 offensive touches, two return touchdowns on only 12 total returns and two more defensive touchdowns.

It’s no coincidence that nearly all of the single-season highest-scoring teams in pro football history are represented: the 1950 Los Angeles Rams (38.8 points per game), 2007 New England Patriots (36.8), 1961 Houston Oilers (36.6), 1941 Chicago Bears (36.0), 1948 San Francisco 49ers (35.4), 1998 Minnesota Vikings (34.8) and 2012 Patriots (34.8) all have at least one player among the leaders in one of the touchdown-efficiency categories. Both the 1998 Vikings and 2007 Patriots featured Randy Moss hauling in 17 and 23 touchdown receptions respectively. Aside from Rob Gronkowski, from the 2012 Patriots, Moss is the only 21st-century pass catcher to appear among the all-time leaders. The top scoring team in NFL history is well represented with two members of its famed Bull Elephant Backfield, Dan Towler and Dick Hoerner, and with Crazy Legs Hirsch—oddly enough in the season preceding his historic 1951 campaign, which is considered one of the best ever for a receiver. It’s interesting to note that Verda "Vitamin T." Smith, also from the 1950 Rams, had a career touchdown/return percentage of 3.0 (4/132) and his career touchdown/offensive touch percentage of 7.1 would be among the best ever if he had qualified (208 rushes/59 receptions).

Bill Groman certainly aided the 1961 Oilers’ 36 points per game with a league-leading 18 touchdowns, as did Billy Cannon, whose 15 touchdowns was second best in the AFL that season. Alyn Beals led the AAFC in touchdown receptions in all four seasons of that league’s existence, but it was his career-best 14 in 1948 that turned a good 49ers team into a scoring juggernaut. And finally, the number of players from the 1941 Chicago Bears in the above tables should awe both statisticians and historians. Considering that Ken Kavanaugh played eight full seasons and missed three during World War II, his second-best touchdown-to-reception percentage of 30.9 may be far more impressive than the leader’s 35.6. Scooter McLean, who played the role of back/receiver hybrid as effectively as anyone until Lenny Moore came along, is technically the only full-time back among the leaders in touchdown-to-reception percentage. As already discussed, George McAfee barely missed being the only player to rank in the top 20 of three different touchdown percentage categories. In addition to McLean’s touchdown-to-reception efficiency, three other backs from that Bears team have touchdown/rushing attempt percentages of 5.4 or better: Hugh Gallarneau (26/343, 7.6%), McAfee (21/341, 6.2%), and Bill Osmanski (20/368, 5.4%). Would you believe that it was another back, rookie Norm Standlee, who led the 1941 Bears in rushing attempts?                                                    



 

George McAfee, 1939. Duke University Archives image.


Michael Peters is a freelance writer and works in the Department of Intercollegiate Athletics at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, Tennessee.